CHAPTER 1-TRANSPORT (tHroMboSis)

WHAT IS THROMBOSIS?

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, usually in the legs.

Clots can form in superficial veins and in deep veins. Blood clots with inflammation in superficial veins (called superficial thrombophlebitis or phlebitis) rarely cause serious problems. But clots in deep veins (deep vein thrombosis) require immediate medical care.

These clots are dangerous because they can break loose, travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, and block blood flow in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A pulmonary embolism is often life-threatening. DVT can also lead to long-lasting problems. DVT may damage the vein and cause the leg to ache, swell, and change color. It can also lead to leg sores after years of having a DVT.

Blood clots most often develop in the calf and thigh veins, and less often in the arm veins or pelvic veins. This topic focuses on blood clots in the deep veins of the legs, but diagnosis and treatment of DVT in other parts of the body are similar.

What causes deep vein clots to form?
Blood clots can form in veins when you are inactive.
For example, clots can form if you are paralyzed or bedridden or must sit while on a long flight or car trip. Surgery or an injury can damage your blood vessels and cause a clot to form. Cancer can also cause deep vein thrombosis. Some people have blood that clots too easily, a problem that may run in families.

CHAPTER 1-TRANSPORT (HaEmoPhiLia)

Hemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that almost always occurs in males. A person has hemophilia when he or she inherits problems with certain blood-clotting factors, making them unable to work properly. Blood-clotting factors are needed to help stop bleeding after a cut or injury and to prevent spontaneous bleeding. The hemophilia gene can contain many different errors, leading to different degrees of abnormality in the amount of clotting factor produced.

There are two major types of hemophilia:
Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of active clotting factor VIII (8). Approximately 1 out of every 5,000 male babies is born with hemophilia A.1
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is caused by a lack of active clotting factor IX (9). It is less common, occurring in 1 out of every 30,000 male babies.1

Hemophilia is usually classified by how severe it is. There are three levels of hemophilia, although they can overlap. The severity of the disease is defined by how much clotting factor is produced and in what situations bleeding most often occurs.

Mild hemophilia: Clotting factor VIII or clotting factor IX level is 5% of normal or greater. Mild hemophilia might not be recognized unless there is excessive bleeding after a major injury or surgery.

Moderate hemophilia: Clotting factor VIII or clotting factor IX level is 1% to 5% of normal. Bleeding usually follows a fall, sprain, or strain.

Severe haemophilia: Clotting factor VIII or clotting factor IX level is less than 1% of normal. Bleeding often happens one or more times a week for no apparent reason (spontaneously).

The percentage of clotting factors stays about the same throughout a person's life. All family members who have hemophilia usually will have similar types.

In very rare cases, a person develops a type of hemophilia, called acquired hemophilia, that is not inherited. If you have acquired hemophilia, your clotting factors don't work properly because your body makes antibodies that attack them.

What causes hemophilia?
Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are caused by an inherited defect in a pair of chromosomes. The defect affects how much clotting factor a person will produce and how the factor will function. Hemophilia is mild when the clotting factor functions are close to normal and the amount of clotting factor is almost normal. The less normal the function and amount of clotting factor, the more severe the hemophilia.

MID-YEAR eXAM

Hello!!
we're juz finished our biology exam today.end wif paper 3..
so,it's very pleasant feeling to let our hair down diz coming mid year holiday..
haha
anyway, to all students, hv a nice holiday this 2 weeks but dun get urself neglect ur studies
SPM is juz around the corner!!